How Down Syndrome Raises Alzheimer's Risk by Age 40—and One Family's Fight

Gina El Hassan first noticed subtle warning signs of Alzheimer’s in her brother years ago. Rudolph Vincent Perez, now 56, has Down syndrome and has recently shown changes in memory and behaviour. The siblings share a close bond, and his love for music and dancing once defined his daily life. Rudolph has started forgetting where things belong. He has also withdrawn from activities he once enjoyed. These changes worried his sister Gina, who had already suspected something was wrong.

People with Down syndrome face a far higher risk of Alzheimer’s than the general population. The Alzheimer’s Association puts their lifetime risk as high as 90%. In contrast, the risk for women in the broader population is about 20%, and for men, it is around 10%.

Brain changes linked to dementia can begin much earlier in those with Down syndrome, often in their 40s. Decades ago, many with the condition lived only into their 30s, dying before Alzheimer’s typically developed. Improved healthcare has since extended their lifespans, making dementia a growing concern. Rudolph’s situation reflects a wider pattern among people with Down syndrome. Their increased longevity now means more are living long enough to face Alzheimer’s. Early signs, like memory lapses and social withdrawal, often appear before a formal diagnosis.