Preterm Birth Alters Brain Structure for Life, New Study Reveals

Being born very preterm—before 32 weeks—can alter brain development for life. New research highlights lasting changes in brain structure, affecting regions like the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. These differences may raise the risk of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD later in life.

A study led by E.G. Duerden and C. Lebel found persistent neurostructural changes in individuals born very preterm. Advanced MRI scans revealed reduced white matter integrity and thinner cortical areas in these individuals. Key regions, including the corpus callosum, also showed smaller volumes compared to full-term peers.

Disrupted myelination in white matter tracts has been linked to slower processing speed, attention problems, and working memory deficits. Perinatal factors like inflammation, hypoxia, and unstable oxygen levels appear to drive these long-term alterations. Researchers stress that early brain imaging could help predict neurodevelopmental outcomes, acting as potential biomarkers.

In Erlangen, scientists are testing neuroprotective methods in mouse models to address brain damage from preterm birth. Clinical trials, such as CloSed, explore clonidine sedation for preterm infants in intensive care. For stroke-related complications in babies, acute treatments focus on stabilising vital signs, managing intracranial pressure, and preventing secondary damage. Supportive therapies include anticoagulants like heparin, followed by rehabilitation—physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech training—sometimes aided by robotics or BoNT injections.

Despite these efforts, no specific guidelines yet target neurostructural changes from very preterm birth in children or adults. Experts agree that long-term studies are essential to track brain development over time in this group.

The findings suggest that tailored support programs could improve quality of life for those born very preterm. Early detection of brain changes may allow for better interventions, reducing risks of cognitive and psychiatric challenges. Further research remains necessary to develop targeted treatments and long-term care strategies.